Dessincronia ventricular e aumento dos níveis de BNP na estimulação apical do ventrículo direito / Ventricular dyssynchrony and increased BNP levels in right ventricular apical pacing / Disincronía ventricular y aumento de los niveles de BNP en la estimulación apical del ventrículo derecho

FUNDAMENTO: A estimulação apical crônica do ventrículo direito pode ocasionar dessincronia ventricular e, secundariamente, alterações neuro-humorais e aumento da morbimortalidade cardíaca. OBJETIVO: Pesquisar dessincronia ventricular e seus efeitos sobre os níveis de BNP em pacientes com marca-passo estimulados cronicamente no ápice do ventrículo direito (VD). MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 85 pacientes com marca-passo uni ou bicameral, em classe funcional I e II da NYHA e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) > 35 por cento. A avaliação de dessincronia foi realizada utilizando-se várias técnicas ecocardiográficas, incluindo o Tissue Synchronization Imaging (TSI), com análise dos 12 segmentos. O BNP foi dosado junto com o ecocardiograma, porém com o examinador cego. RESULTADOS: Quarenta e seis mulheres e 39 homens, com idade de 58 ± 12 anos, chagásicos (56 por cento) e hipertensos controlados (62 por cento), foram incluídos. A fração de ejeção do VE foi 52 ± 8 por cento e a duração média do QRS de 139 ms (120-180 ms). O BNP mostrou-se alterado em 36,5 por cento da amostra (ponto de corte de 60 pg/ml). Na análise multivariada de regressão linear, o BNP correlacionou-se com a idade (p = 0,024), FEVE (p < 0,0001) e tempo pré-ejetivo do VE (p = 0,009), que é índice de dessincronia intraventricular. CONCLUSÃO: Em pacientes com estimulação cardíaca convencional, estáveis clinicamente, a dessincronia intraventricular foi um preditor independente do aumento dos níveis de BNP, após ajuste pela idade e FEVE.

BACKGROUND: Long-term right ventricular apical pacing can cause ventricular dyssynchrony and, secondarily, neurohumoral alterations and increase in cardiac morbimortality. OBJECTIVE: To analyze ventricular dyssynchrony and its effects on BNP levels in patients with pacemakers and long-term right ventricular (RV) apex pacing. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 85 patients with single or dual chamber pacemaker, NYHA functional class I or II and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) > 35 percent. The dyssynchrony assessment was carried out using several echocardiographic techniques, including Tissue Synchronization Imaging (TSI), with the analysis of the 12 segments. BNP was measured at the same time when the echocardiogram was performed, but the examiner was blinded to the results. RESULTS: Forty-six women and 39 men, aged 58 ± 12 years, with Chagas' disease (56 percent) and controlled hypertensive individuals (62 percent), were included in the study. LVEF was 52 ± 8 percent and the mean QRS duration was 139 ms (120-180 ms). BNP levels were altered in 36.5 percent of the sample (cutoff = 60 pg/ml). At the multivariate linear regression analysis, BNP was correlated with age (p = 0.024), LVEF (p < 0.0001) and left ventricular (LV) pre-ejection time (p = 0.009), which is an intraventricular dyssynchrony index. CONCLUSION: In clinically stable patients receiving conventional cardiac pacing, the intraventricular dyssynchrony was an independent predictor of BNP level increase after adjusted for age and LVEF.

FUNDAMENTO: La estimulación apical crónica del ventrículo derecho puede ocasionar disincronía ventricular y, secundariamente, alteraciones neurohumorales y aumento de la morbimortalidad cardíaca. OBJETIVO: Investigar disincronía ventricular y sus efectos sobre los niveles de BNP en pacientes con marcapasos estimulados crónicamente en el ápice del ventrículo derecho (VD). MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal con 85 pacientes con marcapasos uni o bicameral, en clase funcional I y II de la NYHA y fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI) > 35 por ciento. La evaluación de disincronía fue realizada utilizando varias técnicas ecocardiográficas, incluyendo el Tissue Synchronization Imaging (TSI), con análisis de los 12 segmentos. El BNP fue dosado junto con el ecocardiograma, aunque con el examinador ciego. RESULTADOS: Cuarenta y seis mujeres y 39 hombres, con edad de 58 ± 12 años, chagásicos (56 por ciento) e hipertensos controlados (62 por ciento), fueron incluidos. La fracción de eyección del VI fue 52 ± 8 por ciento y la duración media del QRS de 139 ms (120-180 ms). El BNP se mostró alterado en 36,5 por ciento de la muestra (punto de corte de 60 pg/ml). En el análisis multivariado de regresión lineal, el BNP se correlacionó con la edad (p = 0,024), FEVI (p < 0,0001) y tiempo pre-eyectivo del VI (p = 0,009), que es índice de disincronía intraventricular. CONCLUSIÓN: En pacientes con estimulación cardíaca convencional, estables clínicamente, la disincronía intraventricular fue un predictor independiente del aumento de los niveles de BNP, después de ajuste por edad y FEVI.

Ventricular dyssynchrony and increased BNP levels in right ventricular apical pacing.

BACKGROUND: Long-term right ventricular apical pacing can cause ventricular dyssynchrony and, secondarily, neurohumoral alterations and increase in cardiac morbimortality. OBJECTIVE: To analyze ventricular dyssynchrony and its effects on BNP levels in patients with pacemakers and long-term right ventricular (RV) apex pacing. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 85 patients with single or dual chamber pacemaker, NYHA functional class I or II and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥ 35%. The dyssynchrony assessment was carried out using several echocardiographic techniques, including Tissue Synchronization Imaging (TSI), with the analysis of the 12 segments. BNP was measured at the same time when the echocardiogram was performed, but the examiner was blinded to the results. RESULTS: Forty-six women and 39 men, aged 58 ± 12 years, with Chagas' disease (56%) and controlled hypertensive individuals (62%), were included in the study. LVEF was 52 ± 8% and the mean QRS duration was 139 ms (120-180 ms). BNP levels were altered in 36.5% of the sample (cutoff = 60 pg/ml). At the multivariate linear regression analysis, BNP was correlated with age (p = 0.024), LVEF (p < 0.0001) and left ventricular (LV) pre-ejection time (p = 0.009), which is an intraventricular dyssynchrony index. CONCLUSION: In clinically stable patients receiving conventional cardiac pacing, the intraventricular dyssynchrony was an independent predictor of BNP level increase after adjusted for age and LVEF.

Health-related quality of life in patients with Chagas disease.

INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease (ChD) is a chronic illness related to significant morbidity and mortality that can affect the quality of life (QoL) of infected patients. However, there are few studies regarding QoL in ChD. The objectives of this study are to construct a health-related QoL (HRQoL) profile of ChD patients and compare this with a non-ChD (NChD) group to identify factors associated with the worst HRQoL scores in ChD patients. METHODS: HRQoL was investigated in 125 patients with ChD and 21 NChD individuals using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form (SF-36) and the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLWHFQ). Patients were submitted to a standard protocol that included clinical examination, ECG, Holter monitoring, Doppler echocardiogram and autonomic function tests. RESULTS: HRQoL scores were significantly worse among the ChD group compared to the NChD group in the SF-36 domains of physical functioning and role-emotional and in the MLWHFQ scale. For the ChD group, univariate analysis showed that HRQoL score quartiles were associated with level of education, sex, marital status, use of medication, functional classification and cardiovascular and gastrointestinal symptoms. In the multivariate analysis, female sex, fewer years of education, single status, worst functional classification, presence of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal symptoms, associated illnesses, Doppler echocardiographic abnormalities and ventricular arrhythmia detected during Holter monitoring were predictors of lower HRQoL scores. CONCLUSIONS: ChD patients showed worse HRQoL scores compared to NChD. For the ChD group, sociodemographic and clinical variables were associated with worst scores.

Health-related quality of life in patients with Chagas disease / Qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde na doença de Chagas

INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease (ChD) is a chronic illness related to significant morbidity and mortality that can affect the quality of life (QoL) of infected patients. However, there are few studies regarding QoL in ChD. The objectives of this study are to construct a health-related QoL (HRQoL) profile of ChD patients and compare this with a non-ChD (NChD) group to identify factors associated with the worst HRQoL scores in ChD patients. METHODS: HRQoL was investigated in 125 patients with ChD and 21 NChD individuals using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form (SF-36) and the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLWHFQ). Patients were submitted to a standard protocol that included clinical examination, ECG, Holter monitoring, Doppler echocardiogram and autonomic function tests. RESULTS: HRQoL scores were significantly worse among the ChD group compared to the NChD group in the SF-36 domains of physical functioning and role-emotional and in the MLWHFQ scale. For the ChD group, univariate analysis showed that HRQoL score quartiles were associated with level of education, sex, marital status, use of medication, functional classification and cardiovascular and gastrointestinal symptoms. In the multivariate analysis, female sex, fewer years of education, single status, worst functional classification, presence of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal symptoms, associated illnesses, Doppler echocardiographic abnormalities and ventricular arrhythmia detected during Holter monitoring were predictors of lower HRQoL scores. CONCLUSIONS: ChD patients showed worse HRQoL scores compared to NChD. For the ChD group, sociodemographic and clinical variables were associated with worst scores.

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença de Chagas (DCh) é associada à morbidade e mortalidade significativas e que pode afetar a qualidade de vida (QV) dos pacientes infectados. Entretanto, encontramos poucos estudos sobre a QV na DCh. Os objetivos deste estudo são definir o perfil de qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (QVRS) em pacientes com DCh, compará-lo com indivíduos sem a doença de Chagas (NDCh) e encontrar os fatores associados com os piores escores de QV para aqueles com DCh. MÉTODOS: A QVRS foi investigada em 125 pacientes com DCh e 21 NDCh aplicando-se os questionários Medical Outcomes Study 36-item short-Form (SF36) e Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionanaire (MLWHFQ). Os pacientes foram submetidos a exame clínico, ECG, monitorização por Holter, Doppler ecocardiograma e testes de função autonômicas. RESULTADOS: Os escores de QVRS nos domínios capacidade física e aspecto emocional do SF36 e na escala de MLWHFQ foram significativamente piores entre os pacientes com DCh. A análise univariada mostrou associação dos escores QVRS e nível de formação, gênero, situação conjugal, uso de medicamentos, classe funcional e sintomas cardiovasculares e gastrointestinais. Na análise multivariada, sexo feminino, poucos anos de estudos, situação conjugal de solteiro, pior classificação funcional, presença de sintomas cardiovasculares e gastrointestinais, doenças associadas, alteração ao Doppler ecocardiograma e arritmia ventricular ao Holter foram preditores de pior QVRS. CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes com DCh apresentaram piores escores de QVRS quando comparados com NDCh. Para o grupo com DCh, variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas se associaram aos piores escores.

Exercício aeróbico no controle da hipertensão arterial na pós-menopausa / Aerobic exercises on the control of post menopause hypertension

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do treinamento com exercício aeróbio na capacidade funcional (CF) e no controle da pressão arterial (PA), em mulheres na pós-menopausa, hipertensas estágio I, controladas ou não com tratamento medicamentoso, em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS). Metodologia: Antes e após 12 semanas de treinamento com exercício aeróbio em uma UBS, dez mulheres hipertensas na pós-menopausa, idade de 56,9 ± 6 anos, sedentárias, não usuárias de terapia de reposição hormonal, foram submetidas à avaliação do índice de massa corporal (IMC); da circunferência da cintura (CC); da CF pelo teste ergométrico (maior consumo de oxigênio/ VO₂ e tempo de teste) e teste de caminhada em seis minutos (distância caminhada); e das medidas casuais repetidas da PA. Reavaliações foram efetuadas a cada 30 dias. Os dados são expressos em média e desvio-padrão. Foram aplicados os testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, t de Student pareado, Wilcoxon e ANOVA para medidas repetidas, considerando significativo p < 0,05. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa no IMC (p = 0,40) e CC (p = 0,74) após a intervenção. Entretanto, após 30 dias observou-se redução da PA sistólica (de 142,70 ± 6,25 para 130,76 ± 5,80 mmHg, p < 0,001) e diastólica (de 87,03 ± 4,48 para 81,90 ± 4,30 mmHg, p = 0,002) e melhora da CF pelo VO₂ (de 24,90 ± 6,38 para 27,82 ± 6,14 mL/kg/min, p = 0,028), tempo de teste (de 6,89 ± 1,78 para 7,7 ± 1,8 min, p = 0,022) e distância caminhada (de 511,07 ± 41,99 para 556,1 ± 43,19 m, p = 0,009). Conclusão: O programa de treinamento com exercício aeróbio em uma UBS mostrou-se efetivo e viável, contribuindo para a redução da PA e melhora da capacidade funcional em mulheres hipertensas na pós-menopausa.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the aerobic exercise training on functional capacity (FC) and blood pressure (BP) control in hypertensive stage I or controlled hypertension postmenopausal women in a primary care unit (PCU). METHODS: Before and after 12 weeks of aerobic exercise training in a PCU, 10 hypertensive postmenopausal women age 56.9 ± 5.98, sedentary, non-users of hormone replacement therapy were submitted to: the evaluation of the body mass index (BMI); the waist circumference (WC); the FC by ergometric test (oxygen uptake/VO2, duration of the test) and six minute walk test (walked distance); and repeated casual measures of BP. Revaluations were made for each 30 days. Data were presented in mean and standard deviation and analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, paired Student's t-test, Wilcoxon and a repeated-measures ANOVA considering p < 0.05. RESULTS: No significant difference was found in BMI (p = 0.40) and WC (p = 0.74) after training. However, after 30 days, a reduction had already been observed in systolic BP (from 142.70 ± 6.25 to 130.76 ± 5.80 mmHg, p < .001) and diastolic (from 87.03 ± 4.48 to 81.90 ± 4.30 mmHg, p = .002) and also a significant improvement of functional capacity by VO2 (from 24.90 ± 6.38 to 27.82 ± 6.14 mL/kg/min, p = .028), duration of the test (from 6.89 ± 1.78 to 7.70 ± 1.80 min, p = .022) and distance walked (from 511.07 ± 41.99 to 556.1 ± 43.19 m, p = .009). CONCLUSION: The aerobic exercise training program in a primary care unit was effective and viable as a strategy to reduce the BP and to improve the functional capacity in hypertensive postmenopausal women.